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Bulk of the students will absolutely agree on this point that dissertation and dissertation project are alike and has no difference. If there is no dissimilarity between them, then why students are penetrating for ‘dissertation vs dissertation project’ and ‘difference between dissertation and dissertation project’. In short, both are described as ‘any formal discussion in written or verbal’. Despite of all these, following are a small number of differences flanked by them in wider stance.

Dissertation is a ordinary need of students to obtain their master confirmed whereas, dissertation project is necessary for those students who are keen to obtain their doctoral confirmed. This condition is vice-versa in a small number of countries.

Fresh data is required for dissertation project and for that reason primary research is the basic of this educational dissertation writing. It requires plenty of time and just written for the intention of educational. A total dissertation project looks like an educational book. .

Dissertation is written by information collected by secondary data exploration. Hypo dissertation is compulsory in it. It is smaller and doesn’t require as much as require for writing an dissertation. It is not only use for educational intention, but can be used for other intentions as well. It looks like a data exploration paper. These are a small number of differences between them; this should be recognized by students.

To Step into the career the students need to make available dissertation assignment and to get hold of the full dissertation the student needs to provide proposal. So here is dissertation proposal assignment step by step course of actions.

Straightforward Steps of Effectual dissertation proposal assignment writing

Writing dissertation proposal assignment involves profound data exploration and enthusiasm. The students need to provide plenty of time for it. You need to go through effectual guidelines to write a dissertation proposal assignment and implement them to write it.

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Whether it’s pinching suppliers or pricing shops out of commerce, small businesses are exasperated with the bully-boy devices of the big supermarkets. The owner of a food retailer has observed personally the destruction of his local high street in Norfolk because of a large supermarket. ‘Tesco basically sucked the life out of the town,’ he says.


In 2002, Tesco released its doors after a extended fight with local businesses and residents, and he declares that inside a week, his income jumped down by more than half, with many shops afterwards closing down. In addition to the autonomous bodies, these also incorporated the Co-op and Somerfield, which he had happily struggled with for years.


‘The impact of Tesco devastated the high street footfall. We managed to survive by moving a lot of our stock between our two shops and by having a fighting fund in place. And when the other shops closed down, we got some of our turnover back. We’ve also been very proactive in our criticism, and that also seemed to pick up the anti-Tesco vote,’ he announced.


But he is concerned about the prospect of the high street in Stalham, as Tesco plans to develop its store even further.
‘The size is far too big for the town already. Instead of complementing the high street, they have dwarfed it. They just go for the biggest size they possibly can, and if they get turned down in their planning applications they go for the next biggest. They’re not bothered about the high street, all they are interested in is profits.’
The owner of a school uniform shop has also been influenced by the powerful methods employed by the supermarkets, and says over the last four to five, years they have begun to wage a price war.


‘I do believe that people should have a choice, but supermarkets are not making their prices fair. It seems that school uniforms in supermarkets are being sold as loss-leaders. They are not making a profit, it’s just something they are using as a way of getting more customers through the door.’
Stephen Alambritis, chief spokesperson of the Federation of Small Businesses, concurs that supermarkets have a huge gain because of the method they can control their products.


‘Below-cost pricing is illegal in France. I don’t see why that’s not something we could have here. There are a number of MPs who are trying to get supermarkets to put the cost of alcohol up, where they are selling it at a loss. But this should be something to campaign for on all products.’
On the other hand, it is not just retailers who are affected by hostile pricing tactics. The chief of the food and agribusiness recovery group at Grant Thornton, says that supermarkets are able to keep their prices down at the cost of the supply chain.
He says: ‘I have seen a number of small businesses affected by unreasonable buyer behaviour on the part of the supermarkets. They often demand that contract terms be changed retrospectively and will cancel suppliers at short notice, or delist their items without warning. In some cases, these factors are a direct cause of business failures.’


Unrecorded contract conditions between supermarkets and suppliers are widespread, he adds. ‘It would be far easier to achieve a financial turnaround for companies in this sector if the key trade terms were known.
‘All too many businesses we deal with fall over the [supermarket] buyer’s whims, and don’t understand that a proportion of the products they will be supplying will actually be causing them a loss. For certain businesses, it would be better not to trade with them at all.’


He considers that the government has failed SMEs in this segment ‘It seems there’s a reluctance on the part of the Office of Fair Trading to do anything. I’d like to see a supermarket ombudsman, but that is something which appears to be painfully slow to implement,’ he adds.
The public affairs director of the Association of Convenience Stores concurs: ‘If SMEs are in a position where they are unable to compete, that’s bad news for the consumer because it means less choice. In a monopoly situation, supermarkets should be monitored – that’s why we need an ombudsman.’


A representative from Tesco said: ‘We depend on good and strong relationships with our suppliers, both large and small and we work hard to strike the right balance between getting the best possible price for consumers whilst ensuring that our supply base remains sustainable in the long term.


‘We remain to be convinced of the case for a supermarket ombudsman, as they are usually there to protect consumers. It is also difficult to see what additional benefits an ombudsman would have over the Office of Fair Trading, which currently provides effective independent scrutiny of the industry.’
The 74-strong assembly of MPs has asked scores of concerned groups, from Tesco to the Women’s Institute, on their idea of what a shopping trip in Britain in 10 years’ time might include. It plans to donate its result to Alan Johnson, the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, in December.


It was the turn of small shopkeepers to contest their grounds against what has been called the “creeping centralisation” by retailers such as Tesco of the UK’s high streets, in the first of four trials. The big boys, who have determined the booming convenience stores segment provides easy proceeds, are suitable to put their side of the story next week, together with the British Retail Consortium and the British Chambers of Commerce.


David Rae, the chairman of the Association of Convenience Stores (ACS), painted a depiction of districts with their hearts pulled out if the Government continues to pay no heed to the troubles of local stores in favour of the Big Four (Tesco, Asda, J Sainsbury and Wm Morrison). “The Office of Fair Trading is content that competition means competition between the four major grocers in any one area,” he told the hearing.

Polit and Hunger (1999: 246) states that reliability refers to the stability, or dependability of an instrument. An instrument, which is reliable measure accurately and reflect the time score of the attribute under investigation. Reliability will be ensuring of this research by using one research instrument which is questionnaire. The reliability of the instrument will be ensured by choosing range of questionnaire which is enabling to find answers to the research questions. This means that no matter how many times the research will be repeated using the same questionnaire, the same or similar results will be obtained. To ensure reliability, only one questionnaire was prepared and administered to all the retailers, so that comparable answers would be obtained.


The concept of validity is described by a wide range of terms in qualitative studies. This concept is not a single, fixed or universal concept, but “rather a contingent construct, inescapably grounded in the processes and intensions of particular research methodologies and project” (winter, 2000, p, 1).
Validity refers to the degree to which an instrument what it is supposed to measure, and therefore an unreliable instrument cannot be valid (Polit & Hunger 1999: 246; Polit et al 2001: 308). The validity of the methodology of this proposed research has been established by pilot study. The pilot study has been carried out by using 10 small retail businesses in north London region. Generalizability of this proposed research has been established by selecting the sample population and well designed questionnaire. Further, reliability and validity of this research will be reflecting to the generalization. “Generalizability” is defined as the degree to which the findings can be generalized from the study sample to the entire population (Polit and Hungler, 1991, p.645). Due to time and cost constraints it will be assumed that the results of the study can be applicable to the whole population, since a survey of the entire population is not possible.


Judgement sampling may restrain the generalizability of the result because the researcher utilizes a sample of retailers that is accessible to the researchers. However it is the only feasible sampling method since there has to be some criteria for selecting the retailers, and for this purpose judgement sampling needs to be used


Limitations of the Research
There are various limitations of the current research with reference to time, resources and research methodology implemented. To examine the actual impact of Tesco marketing strategy on small retail business in north London, in total 50 retail business will be selected using purposive sampling method. Cost and time constraints prevented a study of the entire population. The sample size of 50 is considered sufficient to draw projections regarding the rest of the population. A sample size smaller than 50 would not provide accurate results. Retailers have been selected since they are the ones who are directly impacted by the marketing strategies of Tesco, and they would be the ones to provide the most relevant response.


Ethical issues incorporated in the Research
Several risks are involved in the present research as the research will utilize data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The potential risks of the research and the strategies applied to deal with these risks are mentioned below.


Potential Risk of the Research
The potential risks of the proposed research include but are not limited to the following
♣ The danger of respondents being named.
♣ The risks of confidentiality and privacy being breached regarding companies and
individuals involved in the proposed research.
These risks can be minimized by not revealing names and preserving privacy as much as possible unless it is important to the discussion. However, where it has been revealed, it is only for sake of discussion and it will be presumed that the names will not be made public.


Strategies Applied for Dealing with Ethical Issues
All data acquired from primary and secondary sources will be acknowledge in an appropriate manner through proper citations and referencing while extreme care will be taken to keep all information related to respondents from different companies anonymous. The evidence collected and analysed for the proposed research will be destroyed once the research has been completed and finalised. The questionnaires and interviews will be designed in a manner that the respondents and participants do not feel that their privacy is being attacked and only information relevant to the proposed research will be included in the data gathering methods. The above is done to preserve the participants’ right to privacy and the confidentiality of the information gathered.

A research population is the entire group of person or objects that are of interest to the researcher. In this case, the target population of this research will be small retail business operating in North London region. As it is often impossible to study the whole population, researchers make use of a sample to select research subjects who would represent the whole research population. A sample is therefore a subset of a population selected to participate in a research study (Polit and Hungler 1995: 445; Polit et al 2001; 234). This refer to the sum of those individuals within a specific territory, or a small portion of a population, a smaller representation of a larger whole, intended to reflect and represent the character, style or content of a population from which it is drown (Brink 1996:133).


In this case, the researcher has used a method of sampling called “Judgement Sampling”. This method makes the selection of retailers who are in the best position to offer the required information. They are realistically be expected to have proficient information because they have considerable experience that may be of benefit to the researcher.
It was convenient and economical as the researcher was the only one involved in the selection (Polit & Hunger 1992, Polit et al 2001). To examine the actual impact of Tesco marketing strategy on small retail business in north London, in total 50 retail business will be selected using the judgement sampling method. The basis of selection was proximity to Tesco. However, after shortlisting the list of possibilities, 50 retailers were selected at random.


Cost and time constraints prevented a study of the entire population. The sample size of 50 is considered sufficient to draw projections regarding the rest of the population. A sample size smaller than 50 would not provide accurate results. Retailers have been selected since they are the ones who are directly impacted by the marketing strategies of Tesco, and they would be the ones to provide the most relevant response.


Data Collection
The primary data collection tool used for this research consisted of open ended questions. These questionnaires were distributed to the owners of retail stores that are located in the United Kingdom and whose sales are affected by the marketing strategies of Tesco. The retailers were limited to the retailers who have an outlet in the vicinity of Tesco to be able to obtain a more appropriate response. Using the questionnaire and through the combination of both the primary and secondary sources the hypothesis will either be accepted or rejected.

The quantitative approach to research has various advantages and limitations. The time taken to collect, evaluate and present data of quantitative nature is quite minimal and if there are any changes in variables of the data they can easily be identified and measured. The results obtained from a research using quantitative approach may only be relevant for a specific research and would be difficult to utilise in generalised conditions. The specific variables of a situation are focussed in this approach and some other important variables may be ignored (French, Reynolds and Swain 2001).


Qualitative Approach to Research
This approach is usually applied to research studies involving social sciences, finance, economics and behavioural studies. The qualitative approach emphasises the abilities of the researcher and the interaction of the researcher with participants involved in the whole process while the quantitative approach puts emphasis on data and interpretation of data in a research. This approach implies that the personal beliefs, knowledge, abilities and perception of the researcher play a very important role in the outcome of the research. Researches performed in areas of finance, economics, social sciences and other areas of study where numerical and statistical data is not available and quantitative approach to research cannot be applied, the qualitative research approach is applied (Burns and Grove 2004).


Advantages and Limitations
The qualitative approach also has its advantages and limitations just like the quantitative approach. This approach is more flexible and can be moulded according to changing situations and scenarios. The limited scope and emphasis on subjectivity is another disadvantage of this approach because when the same sample is used for another research in the same area it may produce different results. The amount of time spent on qualitative approach is quite higher than quantitative approach while analysis and evaluation of the data in this approach is also complicated (Harrison 2001).


The Research Strategy Applied
The research strategy used in the current research is qualitative methodology with a case study approach to research. The case study of Tesco in the context of the United Kingdom retailing industry has been selected. The data for current research is collected from both primary and secondary sources which will be analysed and observed in the next chapter to answer the research questions and accept or reject the research hypothesis. The secondary data is collected from various sources such as books, journal articles, articles from periodicals and websites. The primary data is collected from survey questionnaires. The questionnaires will be distributed to the owners of retail stores that are located in the United Kingdom and whose sales are affected by the marketing strategies of Tesco. The questionnaire will help in the research and through the combination of both the primary and secondary sources the hypothesis will either be accepted or rejected. The primary data collected through survey questionnaires and secondary data collected from various sources such as books, journal articles, articles in periodicals and websites is analysed in the current research through inductive method of research in the qualitative paradigm and using a case study approach to research.

Introduction
The methods implemented to study and assess the data collected for research are examined and analysed in this chapter. The concept of research methodology, various paradigms and methods used in research and explanation of these methods and paradigms is covered in this chapter. The qualitative and quantitative approaches to research along with data collection techniques are also discussed in this chapter. The case study approach utilised in the current research for analysis of primary and secondary data to arrive at logical conclusions is explained with the advantages and limitations of this approach. The data collection techniques utilised for primary and secondary research are also analysed in this chapter.


Overview
A qualitative research strategy will be used in this research in which emphasis is laid on the questionnaires. Qualitative research is considered to be especially effective in this research because it will examine the problem from the perspective of the local population it involves, which is not conducive to quantitative research. The main quality of qualitative research that makes it suitable for this research is its ability to provide complex textual descriptions of how people experience in given research issue. Qualitative research will offer information about the “human” perspective of an issue – and would provide insight into the behaviors, beliefs, opinions, emotions, and relationships of individuals.
The qualitative approach also allows for more flexibility and would also provide for greater spontaneity and adaptation of the interaction between the researcher and the study participant. For example, a qualitative method asks mostly “open-ended” questions that are not necessarily worded in exactly the same way with each participant. With open-ended questions, participants are free to respond in their own words, and these responses tend to be more complex than simply “yes” or “no”.


Research Methodology
The process of assessing past data from previous researches, books, articles and other sources while carrying out personal research in order to present original ideas which increases human knowledge on a specific topic is research methodology. It also includes the examination and analysis of a specific part of a discipline to provide a fresh and new viewpoint (Kumar 2002).
It is not possible to carry out an effective research just by collecting and interpreting data. This analysis should be backed by conclusion from other researches as well. The methodology in a research describes the methods through which data is collected, interpreted and analysed to form a conclusion in a particular area of study (Goddard and Melville 2004).


Quantitative Approach
The quantitative approach is most commonly applied to various scientific areas such as psychology to test research hypotheses after evaluation of data obtained from various sources. The similarities and differences present in the numerical and statistical data are demonstrated through the research based on this approach. The components and data of the research cannot be tampered by the researcher and if another research is conducted using the same data and similar statistical and mathematical methods it should yield the same results. The relationship among the variables of the collected data in a population is tested by applying statistical methods such as regression and correlation (McNabb 2002).

For the purpose of this research, primary data is defined as data which was collected specifically for the purposes of the current research and which has not been obtained from other sources. Because of these characteristics, the primary data has certain advantages as compared to secondary data, or the data obtained from other sources. Because the primary data has been collected specifically to solve the current problem, it would have the highest level of bearing to the problem at hand than data collected for any other purpose. The primary data collected in this manner would be quite relevant for the purposes of the research as it would focuses only on the issues relevant to the research and avoids any generalised issues which may lead the researcher out of context of the current research. Due to time constraint, it is acknowledged that a significant amount of research may not have been carried out due to the time that would otherwise have been involved.


For this reason, it has been assumed that the primary data collected through this research is enough and sufficient for the researcher to reach the appropriate conclusions. The time that would have been required to collect primary data, and interpret this data according to the situation arrive at a logical conclusions would take up a large amount of time that was not available to the researcher and therefore has been supplemented with the use of secondary information in order to complete the research in the time frame provided. The second limitation of gathering primary data, which is also reflected in the subsequent report, is the high cost factor, which has precluded a comprehensive study. In order to collect primary data the researcher was required to prepare questionnaires which entail enlisting the help of a professional researcher to design and implement an effective questionnaire. Other costs were also incurred to collect primary data such as travelling and transportations costs, telephone bill expenditure, faxes to participants and other costs related to the collection of primary data.


Primary Data Collection Methods
In order to gather primary data, various methods may be employed. The two most prominent methods to collect primary data cover research using surveys and personal observation. Research using the survey method is further subdivided into two main methods namely questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaires and interviews can be conducted using a variety of techniques such as mail questionnaires, online questionnaires, personal interviews and telephonic interviews. Personal observation, as the name implied, is carried out using the personal observation of the researcher which is used to analyse the cause and effect relationships between a set of variables in a natural or controlled environment depending on the situation and scenario at hand. The observation method is based on and utilises focus group discussions to collect primary data. However due to the costs and time involved in conducting research using this method, it has not been employed.


Questionnaires
Questionnaires are a collection or list of open ended or closed ended questions that have to be answered by participants or respondents in a research. These questionnaires can be mailed, delivered by hand, filled out using telephonic conversations, posted online on a website or some other relevant source. As both questionnaires and interviews seem similar due to open ended and closed ended questions they need to be distinguished. The main difference between the questionnaire and the interview is that the questionnaires are not filled out or answered at the spot but can be filled out at a later time depending on the respondents. The questions in an interview on the other hand have to be answered spontaneously when the interviewer or researcher asks the question. The questionnaires used for this purpose are listed in Appendix A.

The research approach employed describes and gives meanings to the data under study and the interpretation will offer insight on different issues that will be uncovered as a result of the study. The research method used will study the depth, intensity and density of the phenomenon of how small retailers have been impacted by the problem. After the process of gathering the data is complete, the researcher will apply qualitative approach to conduct the interpretation of this data using creative thinking skills in order to propose how this problem may be solved. The qualitative approach and creative thinking skills used for the research are typical for research conducted in social sciences as well as in finance and economics. The interpretation approach to research, in contrast to the quantitative approach, hinges strongly on the analytical and thinking of the researcher as well as how attuned the researcher is with the actual research. The central approach of the qualitative method is the personal perception of the researcher, and makes significant use of his or her ability to think creatively and draw logical conclusions. This is the main reason why the qualitative approach is applied in researches in the fields of social sciences, finance, economics in which quantitative research would not yield the desired results.


Advantage and limitation of the research
There are some advantages and disadvantages inherent in all methods of research and qualitative method is no different. These advantages and disadvantages will be a crucial part of this research as well. Unlike the quantitative approach, the qualitative approach allows for more flexibility and allows for a change according to the situation. The researcher’s critical and analytical skills play a more critical rule as compared to the quantitative approach. The qualitative approach also uses research tools such as an open ended questionnaire which allows for more participation and input on the part of the participants, whose explanations and answers result in creativity and the creation and generation of knowledge. The qualitative approach will not only involve a review of samples, it also utilizes the knowledge and input of the researcher and the participants. Because the research tools employed are more open ended and descriptive in nature, the participants are provided with a greater opportunity to be more comprehensively involved in the research process. The disadvantages, and subsequent limitations, of this approach include the bias of the researcher as well as the participants towards any of the questions or the situation. For instance, in this situation, since the participants are retailers directly impacted by the marketing strategies of Tesco, we can expect exaggeration and overstatement, which would create a worse picture than the situation actually warrants.

Introduction
Research methodology consists of two parts: namely, research and methodology which will be applied simultaneously in order to successfully complete the research. The research will not just be about interpreting data from other sources and presenting it. It will consist of evaluating the data, which may be obtained from books and other sources, and then following this up by primary research which will be used to reach an original conclusion which would contribute to the advancement of knowledge. This can and will be accomplished in a variety of ways including the study of and interpreting studies conducted from other sources in order to get a general idea of the details of the research conducted in the past.


This will then be used as the basis of new ideas which will provide the conclusions and recommendations presented in the concluding chapters of the research. The main purpose of the research methodology and the subsequent research is to enhance human knowledge about a known situation (in this case the impact of Tesco’s marketing strategies on small retailers) and use this knowledge to develop new ideas and facts, which in this case would be an action plan for smaller retailers to be able to compete better.


Research for this report will not be conducted by just collecting data and interpreting the results. To be able to conduct effective research, appropriate methods for collecting data, analysing that data and presenting results should be known and employed effectively. The research would consist of the study of what is known to reach a conclusion which would be in the shape of new ideas and new products. This chapter outlines the research methodology that will include a description of the methods that are applied to collect data, analyse the data and perform analysis in a particular field of study. In order for a person to perform a proper research, the various methods, tools and techniques for research should be known; otherwise the researcher may face many problems in collecting data and interpreting results and conclusions from that data.

The brand focuses on the internal products that are actually prepared by Tesco itself. It can be said that this brand is so powerful that more than 1,600 trucks criss-cross UK everyday to supply at 800 plus stores in the United Kingdom. The researchers actually depict that this organisation was formed on the basis of pile it high and sell it cheap however, the current scenario is that they have actually changed their strategy and they have focused on the word value in their strategy (Johnson 2005). However, certain researchers explain the scenario that the marketing of this organisation is related with certain other retailers that are working in the marketing.


However, Tesco focuses on the aspect of organisational change and development of the brand. In the similar manner it can be clearly said that there are certain broad marketing and strategic issues that are associated with the brand like: development of new business strategy in the retailing business, creation of a value proposition, repositioning as a major food retailer, etc. However, there are certain relationship marketing issues that are closely associated with the brand and these issues are: the introduction of loyalty card, the use of loyalty card as an instrument of customer bonding, strategic and tactical issues in the use of loyalty card schemes (Peck, Clark, Payne and Christopher 1999).

Summary
The literature review chapter covered the basic concept of marketing strategy along with the implications of a marketing strategy and the types of marketing strategies available at the disposal of organisations. The overview of Tesco was also presented in this chapter along with the marketing strategy implemented at Tesco and the focus of the Tesco marketing strategy. The literature review chapter provided the basic concepts related to marketing strategy in context of Tesco and the United Kingdom retailing industry. The research methods available to the researcher and the research methods applied by the researcher in the current research for analysis and observation of primary and secondary data are covered in the next chapter.

Most retailers aspire for a certain demographic section in the market, chiefly in the UK. For example, Sainsbury’s targets middle-to-upper-income customers, while ASDA aspires for lower-to-middle-income clients. Tesco’s aim, however, is more comprehensive and they stay dedicated to a broader spread. This has been achievable through creative segmentation and targeting. The most current instance of this has been the beginning of the ‘Discounter’ range of products to attract to customers at present shopping at Aldi and Lidl. Since Wal-Mart acquired ASDA in 1999, Tesco has broadened its market share benefit over ASDA by 2.5%. This is accredited to a strategy opposing ASDA’s perceived price advantage. At the same time, Tesco augmented its food benefit in terms of depth of range, quality, perception, and other characteristics.


Tesco is also the world’s most important internet grocer, and it operates a very thriving financial services arm in the course of a joint venture with the Royal Bank of Scotland. In distinction, Wal-Mart has been ineffective at entering the banking industry in the US. Beyond of the UK, Tesco’s most market charisma is influential among developed countries is in Thailand, South Korea, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Poland. A plan of entering markets where opposition is feeble or disjointed and there is no presence of recognized global retail giants such as Wal-Mart has been a factor to the accomplishment of Tesco’s internationalisation. Tesco has revealed great flexibility. For example, it’s highly flourishing Clubcard system was not set up in the US because research demonstrated consumers there to be sceptical about the idea and already sensed they had too many loyalty cards.


Tesco has also shown shrewd response to apparent opportunities and threats. For example, Tesco stepped in the UK convenience market with the Express arrangement in 1995. In 1999, after cultivating the arrangement, Tesco began opening a new invention of Express units, which included some prefabricated amenities (prebuilt and simply let down onto the site). In 2003 Tesco purchased the T&S chain of around 2,000 convenience stores. Even though it later sold various, it changed many others to the Express standard. Even though investors were at first cynical about Tesco entering this market, Express now has a higher profit on outlay than other Tesco arrangement. Tesco’s immediate understanding of ideas such as this, driven by the apprehension of imitator ventures, gives it first mover lead.